An Approach to Technology Development and Current Medical Practice

Abstract Background An approach to technology development and the current medical practice. Objective To consider the many stages of medical-applied technological developments and its main consequences related to the current medical practice and speculate on future developments. Methods Assessment of historical publications and individual and metanalysis of comparative evaluation of old versus new techniques. Results Documentation of progressive improvement in diagnostic skill and therapeutics toward less invasive procedures along the last decades, since the introduction of the scientific medicine. Conclusion Progress has been unequivocally documented albeit an effort to maintain time-proven established previous technique is advised, especially in favor of stimulating a personal patient-physician relationship. (International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)

Avances en la aplicación de la ciencia y la técnica en la oftalmología cubana y sus desafíos actuales / Advances in the application of sciences and technology in Cuban Ophthalmology and its current challenges

RESUMEN Cuba ha demostrado en todas las épocas, la grandeza de sus científicos, los avances y logros realizados por ellos. Ya desde los inicios de 1830 se comenzaba a hablar de adelantos en la oftalmología cubana. Desde ese momento nuestros científicos tenían presente el pensamiento filosófico en función de la investigación científica para lograr una tecnología de punta en la especialidad. Al triunfo de la revolución, en 1959, el desarrollo de la oftalmología era casi desconocido. En el presente siglo los servicios oftalmológicos del país disponen de todo lo indispensable para hacer frente al desafío que se avecina constantemente con la tecnología. La Misión Milagro, el mejor ejemplo del conocido impacto de los avances y prestigio de oftalmología en Cuba y otros países, permite afirmar que esta tecnociencia abarata los tratamientos y la atención a los pacientes con independencia de sus estados económicos. Cuba ha demostrado que no solo el capital monetario es importante para el desarrollo social, pues el capital humano eleva la sociedad a nuevas dimensiones. En esto consiste el impacto político de la población, beneficiada por los avances revolucionarios en la oftalmología cubana (AU).

SUMMARY Through the times, Cuba has showed the greatness of its scientists and their advances and achievements. So early as from the beginning of 1830 there were commentaries on the advances in Cuban Ophthalmology and from those times Cuban scientists put the philosophic thought in function of the scientific research to accede to latest technology in the specialty. At the triumph of the Revolution in 1959, the development of Ophthalmology was almost inexistent, but in the current century the ophthalmological services of the country have the essential to affront the constant challenge of new technologies. The results of Mision Milagro, (Miracle Mission, the program organized by Cuban Government to heal ophthalmologic diseases in other countries like Venezuela, Ecuador and others) allow us to affirm that techno-sciences reduce the costs of the patients' treatment and care regardless of their economic status. Cuba has showed that not only the monetary capital is important for the social development: human capital raises society to new dimensions. That is the political impact on the population benefited by the revolutionary advances in Cuban Ophthalmology (AU).

Technologies for Primary Health Care Help Meet Global Goals.

Access to health care has long been considered to be a human right. It was formally declared in 1946 when the heads of states wrote the constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO). But more than 70 years after the fact, the global community still has yet to achieve it.

The present and the future of Nursing in the Brave New World. / O presente e o futuro da Enfermagem no Admirável Mundo Novo.

The "Brave New World" envisioned a society dominated by scientific and technological progress that went as far as to subjugate and dehumanize human beings. The future foreseen in this literary work is not far from what we are currently experiencing. Thus, considering that Nursing is affected and challenged in the midst of these technological transformations, this article aims to discuss the present and future of Nursing in a society that is undergoing constant technological transformations. In the midst of a whole technological apparatus in which fundamental procedures begin to be carried out by machines, Nursing needs to begin reflecting on what would be the best posture or its differential in a world with strong technological tendencies. Future transformations are still uncertain, nonetheless they will drastically change the way individuals relate to one another and to health services. Even in the midst of these uncertainties arising from present and future technological and scientific advances, the nature of Nursing which is essentially based on human interactions, can guarantee a place of prominence for this profession in society.

O "Admirável Mundo Novo" previa uma sociedade dominada por um progresso científico e tecnológico que chegava ao ponto de subjugar e desumanizar os seres humanos. O futuro previsto nessa obra não é distante do que estamos vivendo na atualidade. Assim, considerando que a Enfermagem é afetada e desafiada em meio a essas transformações tecnológicas, este artigo objetiva discutir o presente e o futuro da Enfermagem em uma sociedade em constante transformação tecnológica. Em meio a todo um aparato tecnológico, no qual os procedimentos fundamentais começam a ser realizados por máquinas, a Enfermagem precisa começar a refletir sobre qual seria sua melhor postura ou seu diferencial em um mundo com forte tendência ao domínio tecnológico. As transformações do futuro ainda são incertas, mas elas alterarão drasticamente a forma de os indivíduos relacionarem-se consigo mesmos, entre si e com os serviços de saúde. Todavia, mesmo em meio às incertezas advindas do avanço tecnológico e científico do presente e do futuro, a natureza da Enfermagem, essencialmente fundamentada nas interações humanas, pode garantir um lugar de destaque para essa profissão na sociedade.

Un mundo feliz preveía una sociedad dominada por un progreso científico y tecnológico que llegaba al punto de subyugar y deshumanizar a los seres humanos. El futuro previsto en esa obra no está tan lejano de lo que estamos viviendo en la actualidad. De esa forma, considerándose que la Enfermería se ve afectada y desafiada en medio de dichas transformaciones tecnológicas, este artículo tiene el fin de discutir el presente y el futuro de la Enfermería en una sociedad en constante transformación tecnológica. A la vista de todo ese aparato tecnológico, en el que las máquinas empiezan a realizar los procedimientos fundamentales, la Enfermería necesita empezar a reflejar acerca de cuál sería su mejor postura o su rasgo distintivo en un mundo con fuerte tendencia al dominio tecnológico. Los cambios del futuro todavía son inciertos, pero modificarán drásticamente la forma cómo los individuos se relacionan consigo mismos, entre sí y con los servicios sanitarios. Sin embargo, aun mediante las incertidumbres advenidas del avance tecnológico y científico del presente y del porvenir, la naturaleza de la Enfermería, esencialmente fundada en las interacciones humanas, puede asegurar un sitio de relieve a esa profesión en la sociedad.

Meditaciones de la técnica / A meditation on technique

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Technology and Occupation: Past, Present, and the Next 100 Years of Theory and Practice.

During the first 100 years of occupational therapy, the profession developed a remarkable practice and theory base. All along, technology was an active and core component of practice, but often technology was mentioned only as an adjunct component of therapy and as if it was a specialty. This lecture proposes a new foundational theory that places technology at the heart of occupational therapy as a fundamental part of human occupation and the human experience. Moreover, this new Metaphysical Physical-Emotive Theory of Occupation pushes the occupational therapy profession and the occupational science discipline to overtly consider occupation on the level of a metaphysical-level reality. The presentation of this theory at the Centennial of the profession charges the field to test and further define the theory over the next 100 years and to leverage technology and its role in optimizing occupational performance into the future.

Bloody technology: the sphygmograph in asylum practice.

The sphygmograph, an instrument to measure and visually chart the pulse, was used by a number of asylum researchers in the late nineteenth century in an attempt to better understand mental disease. In charting the use of such a medical technology in the asylum, this article explores the utility of a practice-oriented approach in the history of psychiatry - as a window onto the alienist profession and as a means of investigating how new medical technologies were assimilated into everyday practice.

[Comprehensiveness and healthcare technologies: a narrative on conceptual contributions to the construction of the comprehensiveness principle in the Brazilian Unified National Health System]. / Integralidade e tecnologias de atenção à saúde: uma narrativa sobre contribuições conceituais à construção do princípio da integralidade no SUS.

Comprehensiveness is the most challenging principle for building health reform in the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS). This study aims to identify critical moments in the conceptual debate on comprehensiveness and its contributions to reflection on healthcare technologies in the SUS. The essay addresses some conceptual constructs that approach comprehensiveness as an underlying principle in health programs and actions at various levels and in various dimensions of the healthcare organization - from intersubjective interactions to the organization of regional networks. The study was based on a non-systematic literature review on comprehensiveness and related themes in the Brazilian public health field in the last five decades. The study proposed a chronology/typology spanning the 1960s to the 2010s, divided into four significant periods or categories. The narrative is not intended to be exhaustive, but to build a comprehensive reference base capable of contributing to analyses, assessments, and debates on healthcare organization in the SUS according to the comprehensiveness principle.

Implementation and Challenges of Direct Acoustic Dosing into Cell-Based Assays.

Since the adoption of Labcyte Echo Acoustic Droplet Ejection (ADE) technology by AstraZeneca in 2005, ADE has become the preferred method for compound dosing into both biochemical and cell-based assays across AstraZeneca research and development globally. The initial implementation of Echos and the direct dosing workflow provided AstraZeneca with a unique set of challenges. In this article, we outline how direct Echo dosing has evolved over the past decade in AstraZeneca. We describe the practical challenges of applying ADE technology to 96-well, 384-well, and 1536-well assays and how AstraZeneca developed and applied software and robotic solutions to generate fully automated and effective cell-based assay workflows.

Integralidade e tecnologias de atenção à saúde: uma narrativa sobre contribuições conceituais à construção do princípio da integralidade no SUS / Comprehensiveness and healthcare technologies: a narrative on conceptual contributions to the construction of the comprehensiveness principle in the Brazilian Unified National Health System / Integralidad y tecnologías de atención a la salud: una narrativa sobre contribuciones conceptuales a la construcción del principio de la integralidad en el Sistema Único de Salud brasileño

Resumo: Dentre os princípios do SUS, o de integralidade talvez seja o mais desafiador na construção da Reforma Sanitária. É objetivo deste estudo identificar momentos críticos do debate conceitual em torno da integralidade e suas contribuições para a reflexão acerca de tecnologias de atenção à saúde no âmbito do SUS. O ensaio percorre algumas construções conceituais que se aproximam da questão da integralidade como princípio norteador de programas e ações de saúde em diversos planos e dimensões da organização da atenção à saúde - das interações intersubjetivas à organização de redes regionais. O estudo se baseou em revisão não sistemática da literatura sobre o tema da integralidade e afins na produção do campo da Saúde Coletiva brasileira nas últimas cinco décadas. Propõe-se uma cronologia/tipologia que se estende dos anos 1960 à década de 2010, dividindo-a em quatro períodos/categorias julgados significativos. A narrativa não pretende ser exaustiva, mas construir uma referência compreensiva capaz de contribuir para análises, avaliações e debates acerca da organização da atenção à saúde no SUS conforme o princípio da integralidade.

Abstract: Comprehensiveness is the most challenging principle for building health reform in the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS). This study aims to identify critical moments in the conceptual debate on comprehensiveness and its contributions to reflection on healthcare technologies in the SUS. The essay addresses some conceptual constructs that approach comprehensiveness as an underlying principle in health programs and actions at various levels and in various dimensions of the healthcare organization - from intersubjective interactions to the organization of regional networks. The study was based on a non-systematic literature review on comprehensiveness and related themes in the Brazilian public health field in the last five decades. The study proposed a chronology/typology spanning the 1960s to the 2010s, divided into four significant periods or categories. The narrative is not intended to be exhaustive, but to build a comprehensive reference base capable of contributing to analyses, assessments, and debates on healthcare organization in the SUS according to the comprehensiveness principle.

Resumen: Entre los principios del Sistema Único de Salud brasileño (SUS), el de integralidad tal vez sea el que más desafíos supone de todos los presentes en la construcción de la Reforma Sanitaria. El objetivo de este estudio es identificar momentos críticos del debate conceptual, en torno a la integralidad y sus contribuciones, para la reflexión acerca de tecnologías de atención a la salud en el ámbito del SUS. El ensayo recorre algunas construcciones conceptuales que se aproximan a la cuestión de la integralidad, como un principio director de programas y acciones de salud en diversos planos y dimensiones de la organización de la atención a la salud, desde las interacciones intersubjetivas, a la organización de redes regionales. El estudio se basó en una revisión no sistemática de la literatura sobre el tema de la integralidad y cuestiones afines en la producción del campo de la Salud Colectiva brasileña durante las últimas cinco décadas. Se propone una cronología/tipología que se extiende desde los años 60 a la década de 2010, dividiéndola en cuatro períodos/categorías considerados como significativos. La narrativa no pretende ser exhaustiva, sino construir una referencia comprensiva capaz de contribuir a análisis, evaluaciones y debates, a cerca de la organización de la atención a la salud en el SUS, según el principio de la integralidad.

The mutual shaping of life insurance and medicine in Finland.

This article examines the mutual shaping of medicine and private life insurance in Finland before the Second World War. Based on historical texts and archival material, it shows the important effects that the involvement of medicine in client selection for life insurance companies had on medical knowledge and practice. The analysis focuses on the tensions between the main actors in life insurance underwriting--candidates, insurance agents, examining physicians and the central office--as well as the medical examination as the key site of these tensions. The article shows how the introduction of a set of procedural and technical innovations reshaped the medical examination and helped to stabilize the fraught network of life insurance underwriting. These innovations re-scripted medical work. They stressed objective measurable knowledge over the personal skill and clinical acumen of the examining physician, propagated the physical examination and the use of diagnostic technologies and vital standards, multiplied medicine's administrative tasks, and contributed to the introduction of a risk factor approach to medicine. Moreover, the social organization of life insurance promoted the spread of these objects, practices and tasks to other fields of medicine. The case displays how medical innovations are developed through the situated interplay of multiple actors that cuts across the science-society boundary.